The Tamangs, an ethnic people of Nepalbelieved originated and migrated from ChinaAjitman Tamang
(PhD candidate, L.B.U.)
1. Introduction:
Nepal
is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi religious country.
It is a country with diverse ethnic-nationalities as well as culture, religion
and linguistics too. The census lists 60 ethnic groups in Nepal. Ethnic-Tamangs
have their own distinct identity of Tamang nation and live in the surrounding
hilly districts of the capital, Kathmandu valley, State No. 3 of Federal
Republic of Nepal and in Himalayan mountainous regions too. These are the areas
of Tamangs which is known to Tam-sa-ling[1],
'the land of Tamang nation'. However, Tamangs are also spread in various places
all over Nepal. The Census (2011) has declared that the Tamangs are about 1.5
million in number, which holds six percent of the total population of Nepal. The
Tamangs also live in West Bengal and North East states of India. They have also
migrated to Bhutan, Myanmar and other countries too. There are twelve Tamangs of eighteen great
clans. Nowadays more than hundreds of clans with three territorial twelve
Tamangs land reside inside the Tamsaling. The BahraTemal (Twelve Temal) in
eastern region, Bahra Lachyang (twelve Lachyang) in central north of Kathmandu
and Bahra Gorshyang (twelve Gorshyang) in the western ancient Tamsaling still
exists in Nepal’s Tamang populous regions of Kaligandaki in west to Dudhakoshi in
east. Genealogical and mythological history, cultural and religious practices,
Buddhist art and architecture, skills, technologies and ideas of the Tamangs
are very much similar to Chinese Han, Dongs (kam) and other ethnic
groups/tribes in China.
The
Tamangs speak their own language, what is called Tamang Gyot/Gyoi
and use their own script, what is called Tamyig. Here, the term Tam
refers to Tamang language and yig to script. The Naya Nepal News Page
(New Nepal News Page) in the Gorkhapatra, the Daily Newspaper of Nepal
Government, is published in Tamang language and script twice a month. The
Tamang language is taught in government school from grade one to twelve in
Sikkim, India. They also regularly publish a News Letter in Tamang language and
script, what is called 'Sikkim Herald'. The Tamangs have their own dress which is woven in
the handloom by using wool, cotton and Silk (known as Pai, ka-nalmo and
ko-chin) , which are common Sino-Mongolian cloth types. The Tamangs enjoy the
musical performances and songs. A song with dance is known as Tamang Se-lo,
and Sye-bru is a group dance performed with song. The popular
musical instruments of the Tamangs are Damnyan, Piwang, Damfa (a hand drum),
Binayo, Murchunga, Fundi (bamboo-made drum). Damphures, the cultural performers,
perform different cultural songs of romance, compassion and tragedy during
Tamangs' birth, naming, marriage, and death ceremonies, which describe the
transitory phenomenal songs.
The
Tamangs are culturally very rich and mostly follow Buddhist religion and
Shamanism. Tamangs have the tradition of worshipping earth or land, what is
called 'ne-da, ship-da' or 'sap-si-dol-mo' (mother
earth). The ceremony of worshipping and commemorating of ancestors is called 'fo-la,
dap-la' as well 'doi-la'. In these ceremonies, the
Tamangs have the tradition of paying reverence to their ancestral clan deity by
Sang-dungs, Lam-bu, La-bon, Lap-taba and Tam-ba.
The ceremonies have rituals where ancestral history of the land of origin (thung-sa),
the land of migration (bap-sa) and the Land of birthplace (ke-sa),
are told along with genealogical division. The Tamangs always regard Sa,
that is to say, 'land'. In Tamang Language khim-sa 'land of
home', nam-sa 'land of village', yul-sa 'land of
larger than village' and gyal-sa 'land with boundary or political
land’[2].
Many Tamang ceremonies and festivals are based on the elemental lunar calendar,
which denotes the name of twelve animals cycle with la-chyung-ni
'twelve lunar months' of chep-chyo-nga of
‘15-Day New Moon' and ‘15-Day Full Moon'
(with skip days and extra days), and Lho-kor-chyung-ni 'Twelve
Year Cycle'. The New Year is the biggest ceremony and great festival, which is based
on this cycle. The year cycle has symbol of twelve animals and every year, the
symbol of the twelve animals change one after another. The first day of the first
lunar month day is Lho-Chhar festival, which falls in Li-Chun,
Chinese spring festival.
2.
Tamangs believe that thung-sa 'the land of origin', bap-sa 'the
land of migration' is in China.
The
Tamangs of Nepal have cultural, historical, mythological and racial
similarities with Chinese Han, ethnic-minority-Dong (kam) and Inner-Mongolians.
These similarities support the idea that ethnic minority of Nepal, the Tamangs'
land of origin is China. Some supportive and identical arguments are as
follows:
2.1.
Historical evidences of Tamangs origin from China:
Ethnic Tamangs are
believed to have come from China. The historical evidences also support this
belief. Some historical evidential
descriptions make connection to Yellow river, Gobi Desert and area of
Inner-Mongolia of China as origin place of Tamangs. "………….. In 1978,
January-March, Government of Nepal and Russian Government had an MoU on
Cultural Study. As per the MoU Russia Prehistoric archeologist Dr. Anatoly
SetenkoYacovlev from Leningrad University visited Nepal. They made a study and
visited many potential archaeological sites of Nepal. Among those places, Dr.
Anatoly Setenko was searching of archaeological sites at areas that were
towards the south-east of Buddhanilkantha at Dhobi Khola (River), Kathmandu
Valley. He found prehistoric mid Stone Age's stone weapons. After the study and
analysis, he found that the weapons were similar to the prehistoric Stone Age's
weapons of Gobi Desert of Inner-Mongolia, China. The pre-human beings had
arrived in the Kathmandu Valley crossing the Himalaya from Gobi Desert of
Inner-Mongolia, China. It was hypothesized that those weapons were brought and
used here from Gobi Desert of Inner-Mongolia. The pre-human beings pertinent to
Mongolian race were the ethnic-Tamangs of Nepal (Sharma: 1978:314-334)[3]." In this prehistoric course, Stone
Ages weapon arrival to the Kathmandu Valley has been mentioned. In reality, the
populous residency of the Tamang people is located in the surroundings of the
Kathmandu Valley, the capital city of Nepal. Therefore, the axes made of
polished stone, pre-mid Stone Age discovered trace close to that the indigenous
Tamangs were the first nationality of this land and are significantly the
Mongolian race of Chinese Inner-Mongolia. The local habitat of Inner-Mongolian
Chinese and Thakali Tamangs of Mustang Nepal are much similar.
2.2.
Tamangs oral history describes the bank of yellow river is thung-sa 'the
land of origin'.
The above statement of pre-historic
mid-stone age genealogical oral history 'Fo-la, Dap-la and memhe-dang' describes
that bap-sa 'the land of origin' is the bank of Yellow river in
China. Bap-sa denotes the Tamang's genealogical and history of
land of migration. Here 'bap-' is derived from bap-si
kha-ba. It means “came from” and -Sa means land. As
described above, the Tamangs had to arrive here in Nepal, what is called, ke-sa
(land of recent birthplace) from zhe-gok-zhe-ni-ngHwang/Huwang-Ho/He
'bank of Yellow River' and area of Gobi Desert of Inner-Mongolia, China.
The zhe-gok-zhe-ni-ngHwang/Huwang-Ho/He
'bank of Yellow River' of China is described as a Thung-Sa 'the
Land of Origin' in Tamangs ancestral oral history. And from the bank of
Yellow river they migrated to Shyangshyung, Guge, Chong-di,
Purang[4]
China's southwest Tibet region, which is described as a Bap-Sa
'the land of Migration' (the land from migrated) as mentioned in the genealogy
of Moktan clans of Tamangs. Similarly, a politician and writer Sitaram Tamang mentions
with history of Upper/Highlander Nationalities of Nepal (Bhote Jatiko Itihas)
"… About 4000-3000 B.C., the Mongolian nationality came from north-west of
China, first settled Chinese civilization in the bank of Hwang Ho/He
River. They earned pride there in the field of literature, script, philosophy
and art. Then, due to the introduction of Buddhism in China, this civilization
moved forward. It is about 2000 B.C., a group of the residence people of upper
part of nation the Mongolian nationalities moved towards Burma, and another
group settled in Tibet (Bhot=Upper region) and they (of Tibetan group) moved
towards Nepal and the southern part of Himalaya, north-west India, Himalchal,
Ladakha, north-east India and West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal, Asam of India and
Bhutan. The description of this Mongolian nationality is also found in Yajur
Veda of Hindu literature. And, these Mongolian inhabitants are called Bhote in
Nepali history who came in via Bhot (Tibet or Upper place) and settled here in
vast inhabitation[5]…..."(Tamang
S. 1977, 1). The arguments, evidences and facts as mentioned above show the
Tamangs' historical emigrational relation to China's different places as land
of origin and migration.
3.
Religious and Cultural Mythological history supports the Tamangs came from
China:
Many Ethno-Buddhistic cultural practices are also similar to Chinese people in accordance with the mythological history of origin of the Kathmandu Valley, capital city of Nepal. Regarding the Five Great sacred Mountain (五台山Wǔtáishān)[6] China and Great-Manjushree Boddhi-satwa, the Great Pagoda/Stupa Swoyambhu and Great Bauddha Pagoda/stupa, and ancient Chinese elemental astrological, astronomical practices, myth and Buddhistic practices of ethnic Tamang people of Nepal are associated and identical with China and Chinese people.
"…… in the
golden age or the Vipasvi Buddha's (the first in lineage of Buddha) period, the
present Kathmandu valley of Nepal was a Holy-Great-Serpent Lake[7]. That the great lake is named as Naag-hrada
'serpent' and kali-hrada 'black lake' in Sanskrit and similarly Ngya-m-bu–Ghyo-i
in Sino-Tibeto-Burman Tamang language. It is believed that the lake had been
drained out by Great Manjuhshree Bodhisatva (Wen-shu-Fusa) who had come from
five precious mountains (Wǔtáishān, see picture-7) of China. He cut the hills
by his Chandrahãnsa Khadaga (Sword with sun and moon, symbol of knowledge and
wisdom). After draining out the water of lake; Human civilization was settled,
then the place name is called Ngyam-bu. The name of ngyambu
now known as Yam-bu 'Kathmandu Valley' in Tamangs language. The
narration of the genealogy of Bodhisatva Great-Manjushree and his disciples who
came from Wǔtáishān of the Great China to Yambu
'Kathmandu' has shown that the peoples of Mongol race from China are the first
nationality to reside in the Kathmandu valley. It is believed those people were
ethnic-Buddhist communities, and now are the Tamangs. This matter has also been
clarified by the acceptance of historians[8]
(Sharma B.C.:1977:57). With respect, devotion and faith towards the compassion
and pity of Great-Manjushree Bodhisatva (Wen-shu-Fusa), there is set up the
Chandrahãnsa Khadaga (Sword with sun and moon) guardian symbol of fag-baSing-gounChyorten
(Soyambhu pagoda) on the top of the Lungdar, a Buddhist
prayer flag, in front of the Tamangs house as told by Great Manjushree Bodhisattva
(Wen-shu-Fusa) before he went back to Great China[9] (ManandharJ.K.2010:12). This would
guard, all the ages for the safety and peace of the residency and world. The hometown
of Great Manjushree Bodhisattva (Wen-shu-Fusa) Wu-Tai-Shan Shanxi in China has
practices of reciting om-a-ra-pa-cha-na—di-di-di-di…...mantra in
monasteries and in Nepal too. In China, Wu-Tai-Shan as supreme wisdom of
Great-Manjushree, a White Pagoda was built, which was designed by Nepali
prominent architecture Arniko/Anika (Bal-Bu/Pu[10]). It still spreads is still spreading
the reality of mythology of Cultural historical ethno-Buddhistic relation to
China.
4.
Elemental Astronomical and Astrological practice of the Tamangs are similar to the
Chinese, that's why Tamangs bring it with them from China:
Traditional elemental astrological and astronomical
calculation practices by Nepalese Mountain and Himalayan Ethnic-Tamangs have
found similarities with the Chinese. It is because that the Tamangs bring such
practices from China during emigrational period. The traditional Elemental New
Year and calendar systems that belong to the Twelve Animal Year Cycle and five
elements with Ying/Yang (male and female) are also identical. The twelve-animal
year cycle represents 1) Rat, 2) Ox, 3) Tiger, 4) Rabbit, 5) Dragon, 6) Snake,
7) Horse, 8) Sheep, 9) Monkey, 10) Rooster/Bird, 11) Dog, and 12) Pig. The elemental years are same both in Tamangs
and Chinese too.
This twelve-animal cycle corresponds with five elements
consisting of 1. Wood, 2. Fire, 3. Earth, 4. Metal and 5. Water, which are
coordinated with Ying (Yum=Female)
and Yang (Yab=Male). The first celebrated
exponent of the five-element theory was Tsou Yen (350 - 270 BC)[11].
The eight triangles are known as Ba-Gua in Chinese and Parkha
in Nepal.
An ancient art of
calculation and interpretation of celestial phenomena is known as Jyung-Tsi
'elemental astrology' in Ethnic-Buddhist communities of Nepal. This is called Nag-Tsi,
which means Chinese Astrology and Astronomy. Here, Nag refers to Gya-Nag's
or Chinese as well Gya-tsi or Nag-tsi means Chinese
astronomy and astrology (Tibetan, 1995:7)[12].
This is observed on the basis of combination of elements of Lho-khor-Chyu-ng-ni
or '12 animal year cycle', Kham-nga 'Five elements', Ying (Yum=Female)
and Yang (Yab=Male) as well, and sMewa
'nine magic square numbers' and
8 Parkha 'eight trigrams' which are arranged in circle around
sMewa of nine numeric square of Astrological Chart or elemental calendar table.
According to
elemental lunar based annual almanac, accurate day to day position of stars,
planets and signs of zodiac can be determined. Lunar calendar observes 23.59
hours a day, it skips day with 29.5 days in a lunar month and has 354 days in
Lunar year. Elemental New Year is celebrated on the first day of first lunar
month and Spring Festival in China is also celebrated at this time (Practical
Chinese Reader: 1996:294)[13].
Each year has occurred an animal and one of the five elements designated to it.
This year is Earth-Male-Dog Year. Ethnic- Buddhist communities of Nepal's
Tamang, Yolmo, Dolpo, Manangba, Mugumba, Gurung and many other Himalayan
ethnic-tribes also celebrate the 12-animal cycle based on New Year or
Lhochhar/Losar the great festival at the time of Chinese Spring Festival
celebration.
4.1.
Great Pagoda/Stupas, Name in Tamang language with traditional Chinese Elemental
Era of twelve animal cycle:
The two great
Buddhist pagodas of Kathmandu valley Swoyambhu Stupa/pagoda (see; picture-1)
are Pha-ga-pa Sing-gon, and Boudha pagoda known as Jhya-rong-kha-shyor
in Sino-Tibeto-Burman Tamangs language.
Here, Jyarong-Kha-shyor
means that it was built in oral permission in Rooster year.
Similarly, the Fag-pa-Singgoun also means the great Pagoda, which
was built in pig year on top of Jungle hill. These two Buddhist
pagodas were built in the Rooster year and pig year
of Chinese Elemental era. As evidence, in front of eastern gateway of entrance
at the great Swayambhu pagoda/Stupa, there is the twelve-animal cycle,
elemental era with Chinese zodiac symbols. It is front faced with Pig
year of twelve animal cycle era as given on picture-1. And in the Great
Buddha pagoda/Stupa of Kathmandu, every 12 year a special celebration takes
place once in Roster year.
These early concepts
of elemental era, astronomical and astrological practices which originally
originated in China, signify the people to people's cultural relation to
Nepalese Himalayan ethnic peoples and Tamangs.
4.2.
In Tamangs terms; Gya-Lama/Gyami Lama Chinese priest of Tamangs
Monastery at Boudha Pagoda, Kathmandu:
An ancient
Gu-ru-La-kha-ng monastery is situated in front of Chyor-ten
Chen-po-Jya-rong-kha-shyor ' the Great Boudha Pagoda/stupa'. The Gu-ru-La-kha-ng
claims that it is a Tamang Gonpa (monastery). They are Ngi-ng-ma-pa;
is first and prominent Buddhist sects of Mahayana tradition of northern
Buddhism in Nepal and China's Tibet. The Lamas (master) of this monastery is
known as "Gya-mi Lama" or Gya-Lama it's
means Chinese Lama.
It is believed that
a Chinese Monk TaifoZhing from Sichuan of China, came on
Pilgrimage to Kathmandu and settled in the Bouddha stupa area. He worked as
Chinese translator/interpreter of Prime Minister Junga Bahaddur Rana in 1853.
The Prime Minister appointed him as Chief Master (Lama) of Boudha pagoda/Stupa
and Monastery. After his death in 1880 AD, his disciple Lama Buddha Bajra
was appointed as Chief of Great Boudha Stupa and Monastery[14]."
Another
study shows that the Indian scholar Rahula Sanskritiyan’s book on tibat-me
buddha dharma 'Buddhism in Tibet', mentioned that at the period of
anti-Buddhist king Langdharma, many monasteries were closed, and many Buddhist
masters from Lasha were exiled at other places. Among them Chinese La-Lungba
Buddhist masters of Lasha region went to safe place at Mang Yul (now a day:
Jhong-kha and Kerong).
Those Chinese Buddhist masters
and disciples who were coming to Nagthali and other monasteries of Rasuwa,
Nepal and Melamchi via Guru Lakhang of Boudha became Tamangs priest. So they
are known as Gya-lama or Gya-mi-lama[15]. Now the La-lungpa and Lungpa are clans
of Tamangs. In Rasuwa, they still practice Buddhism. Chief Lama/Master of Pal
Gonpa (monastery) in Golzhong, Rasuwa is La-lungpa Lama. It is also believed
that anti Buddhist king of Tibet Lang Dharma was killed by Lama
Lal-LungpaDorje.
5.
Name of Ethnic-Tamangs and its meaning in Chinese:
The term Tamang refers to Nepalese Buddhist Ethnic
community. By the linguistic analysis, the term Tamang
shows that the Tamangs are Chinese Mongols. It can be hypothesized that the
earlier forms of Tamang word should be Ta-mang-gou, which refers
to the great/Big Mongol Nation/Nationalities. It also means that all those red
colored area shown in given map of picture-2,
is Mongoloid Nations of great emperor Kublai and Changes Khan who ruled
over most part of Europe and Asia of this world. Here, the term ta-mong/mang-gou is made up of
three terms as ta, mang, gou. The term ta refers to great, mang
to Mangol and gou to Nation. It can be defined as The
Great Mongol Nation as country and those peoples of residence of the Great
Mongol Nationalities, a map given in annex makes more clearer (see;
picture-2).
Almost
all Asian Chinese origins ethnic and a Sino-Cultural groups of peoples belong
to Mongol Race of Chinese origin. All of their languages are similarities with
mono-syllabic Sino-Tibeto Burman features of Asian languages speaker. The Chinese
meaning of Ta-mang means the great Mongolic race since they
carried characteristics of historical human evolution of Peking man and it's
culture.
6.
Mountain tribes of Mustang Tamang Thakalis and Inner-Mongolian Han Chinese have
similar habitat.
Nepalese local people from Mustang-Thakali of Marpha
claim themselves that they are Tamangs. Also, human carving in Phug (Cave)
Monasteries is the most prominent and distinct feature of ethno-Buddhistic
culture found in Mustang Himalaya of Nepal. Each and every village of the
remote mountain possesses man-made caves, which are also found to have been
used for safety or fort and Buddhist Monastery. A study has shown that we can
find such caves which are very primitive around 1000 BCE. Also, the cave made of rock-cutting is
similar to the Cave Monastic cultures of China. The rock-cutting cave
monasteries of Dunhuang, Gansu province, Yungang
grottoes (Shanxia, China), and Ngi-Phug Monastery of Mustang are found similar.
The local people's habitats and culture shows that the relation with North
western Dunhuang and Inner Mongolia of China has connection of cultural
relation with Thakali Tamangs of Mustang.
7. A historical performing folk
dances of ta-che-ma 'Horse Warrior Dance' in Tamangs
In the New Year
ceremony, 10th day of lunar calendar, the Tamangs of northwest of
Kathmandu organize a week long religious and cultural event in their village.
The events' name is Che-shyu-ga/ Che-chyu, Mane-shya-ba. This event has many
performances of Tamang folk song and dances with story. The stories belong to
both culture and history about two empires war. One of the dances belongs to
war with Gya-nag Gyal-bo 'China's empire' (see; in picture-5) and
Gyakar/GokhaiGyal-bo 'India's empire' (see; in picture-6). The
thick and black colored full dressed horse warrior dancer denotes the representation
of the warrior of Chinese empire and red with white color dressed horse warrior
of Indian empires. These dances are performed at New Year festival and other
major ceremonies celebrated in Tamangs village of northern west of Nepal especially
in Districts of State No. 3, Dhading, Nuwakot and Rasuwa districts. This
cultural performance also shows that Tamangs are concerned to China.
8.
Conclusion:
This
study explored and found some evidential facts about Ethnic-Tamangs of Nepal's
origin. That is to say, they came from main Land of China via western Tibet of
China. Tamangs claim ancestral history of lands of origin, migration and birth
explained on god and ancestor of Tamang's clans' veneration of mhe-me
dang and lha-dang, first grandpa came from China. It
tells that, "… mhe-me Hrik-jyan dang; mhe-me ChhiringDorje, mhe-me Tama-gya-la,
Aa-vaya-hira, Aal-te-yul-se huang ho, Khor-so, Zining Yul-rikhyam-sishyu-ba,
mhe-me Gar-ja Guma-i. huang-ho (He) khor-so zhe-kog-zhe-ning Yul-se
Gu-geShya-ng-Shyu-ng Bod-Yul-rikhya-m-siShyu-b (Moktan 2008), Here,
it is clear that huang-ho means Yellow River (黄河Huánghé)
of China in Tamang language.
According
to this description, a grandpa Hirk-jyan and, grandpa ChhiringDorje,
grandpa Tamagyala, Aa-vaya Hira are migrated from Alte
country to Yellow Riverside area of zhekokaZeining country to
settle there. The grandpa Garza Gu-mai, had migrated from Yellow
Riverside of zhekokazhening country to zhangzhung, Guge
of China's Tibet.
Such supportive evidences like pre-historic human evolution, myths and mythology of Buddhism, historical records, similar cultural practices and other living culture of Tamangs peoples performing folk cultural, ideas and skills, arts and linguistic paleontology brings Tamangs' closer to China, as the land of origin 'thung-sa' and the land of migrated 'bap-sa' of Tamangs in China.
Through these evidences and findings of reality of pre-historic culture to contemporary Ethno-Buddhistic culture like elemental New Year, era of twelve animal cycles and it's Lochhar/Losar 'new year' tradition of springs festivals is a living culture too.
Tamangs still practice
the commemoration of ancestors ceremony of 'fo-la,
dap-la' as well as 'doi-la' makes draw attention that
Tamang's came from China to this land. These living cultures, Linguistic features and
similarities to Mongol race of human evolution Peking man relate these
arguments. A mythological history of
Wu-Tai-Shan and Kathmandu valley, paper making skills of Tamangs and Chinese
Dong(kam) ethnic peoples is similarities and evidences shows close relations
supported and draws consideration towards the point that the Tamangs came from
China to Nepal in historical period.
༼Thank You༽
[1]Tamsaling: Tamasaling is the Tamang term
that is made up of three terms viz. Tam, sa, and ling.
Here, the term Tam refers to Tamang, sa to land or earth, and ling
to continent, wider land of the Tamang. There are various lands of the Tamangs such
as thung-sa, bap-sa and ke-sa (the land of origin,
migration and birth, respectively), nam-sa, yul-sa and gyal-sa
(the land of home or village, region and bordered land or political territory,
respectively). Historically, BahraTemal, Bahra Lachyang and Bahra Gorshyang are
the Twelve Tamangs Gyal-sa or councils of the Twelve Tamangs. At present, these
areas are known to Tamsaling term. They are described in the Tamang oral
history, old written documents, Tamang genealogies such as Tamba Kayiten and
Jigten Tam Chyoyi.
[2] Here in Tamang language, Sa means 'Land
of earth', Khim-sa means place where built house or home 'home
Land', nam-sa means 'sky land' (the land, when we stand up on the
earth our eye can saw those area/land of four direction) cover with sky is
village, Yul-sa bigger area than village or a land or area as
district/zone, and gyal-sa means a land with Chiefship/kingship
or of demarked or with political boundary and owner/leader.
[3]See, Janakalal Sharm, HamroSamaj Ek
Adhyayan (Our Society: A Study), Chapter-18, Tamang
Society of Nepal, page 314-334; It was mentioned:" With the leadership of Dr.
Anatoli YakkoblevSetenko, pre-historical archaeologist of Lenin Grad
University, Russia, carried out the excavation from 15 January to 24 March of
1978, in north Dhobi Khola (Dhobi River), between BaniyaPakha (Baniya Hill) and
Pandit Gaun (Pandit Village) of Budhanilkantha in the Kathmandu Valley, there
had been discovered ancient mid-stone age's weapons that before 30,000 BC, was
arrived from China, Gobi desert" which lies in Inner-Mongolia, China.,
[4]Bir
Bahadur Moktan, Moktanruigi pho-lhachhyoyi(Moktan
clan gods religious book), it was described "… mhe-me hrik-jyan dang; mhe-me ChhiringDorje, mhe-me Tama-gya-la,
Aa-vaya-hira, Aal-te-yul-se huang ho, Khor-so, Zining Yul-rikhyam-sishyu-ba,
mhe-me Gar-ja Guma-i. huang-ho(He) khor-so zhe-kog-zhe-ning Yul-se
Gu-geShya-ng-Shyu-ng Bod-Yul-rikhya-m-siShyu-ba,mhe-me Lha-yul-Dorje.
Gu-gehyul-se, Thi-khu Chong-Di hyul-rikhyam-siShyu-bamhe-me Madau-Doer-je.
Thi-khu Chong-Di Bod-Yul-se; mhe-me Chang-hri-Bon, mhe-me Zhang-gai-zho-ra-l
Gyal-bo, mhe-me Ta-zhan-TazhenGyal-bo
Mu-guHyul-sa-rikhyam-sishyu-ba."
pages 14-16
[5]
Sitaram Tamang, History of Bhote
Nationality: In Their Role, Thundel, 1977(B.S. 2033) page-1
[7]
it was described; a book on mythological History of Kathmandu Valley and Great-
Manjushree "Soyambu Purana".
[8] "… There is
no doubt that the indigenous nationality of the Nepal Valley was of
trans-Himalayan Mongolian. This fact is exactly matched to the story of Manju
Shree." Bal Chandra Sharma (2033BS:57)
[9]JyankajiManandhar,
Myth and Legend of Nepal, 2010, page-12
[10] Here, Bal-bu/Pu means that the Anika is Bahal Yul's
(recent Kathmandu) citizen or resident. Many of Tibetan sources have mentioned
the term Bahal Yul for Kathmandu Valley. Bahal mean Vihara
or Manastery, Yul mean Country or Sate or a country of Viharas. So, Bal-pu
means a citizen or resident of country of Buddhist Monasteries recently capital
city of Kathmandu. Still the area of earlier Kathmandu valley covers almost 400
more Bahal and Bahila's (Nepalese Buddhist
Monasteries). And about the prominent Nepalese artist and architect
Araniko/Anika, no information is found in history but only Chinese and China's
Tibetan source have mentioned as Bal-bu and Bal-pu
similarly.
[11]The five energies were symbolized as (1) wood,
which as fuel gives rise to (2) fire, which creates ash and gives rise to (3)
earth, which in its mines contains (4) metal, which (as on the surface of a
metal mirror) attracts dew and so gives rise to (5) water, and this in turn
nourishes (1) wood. This is called hsiang sheng (相生), or the “mutually arising” order/cycle of
the fundamental forces. These forces were also arranged in the order of “mutual
conquest” (相勝) - likewise read hsiang sheng, but sheng is a
different ideogram - in which (1) wood, in the form of a plow, overcomes (2)
earth, which, by damming and constraint, conquers (3) water which, by
quenching, overcomes (4) fire which, by melting, liquefies (5) metal, which, in
turn, cuts (1) wood
“TAO, The Watercourse Way” by Alan Watts, http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/12-zodiac.shtml
[12] See, also in
Tibetan Astrology and Astronomy, A brief Introduction 1995, page-7
[13] China's Lunar Calendar and Main
Holidays: "….China's Lunar or Xia
Calendar which is said to have come to existence as early as the Xia Dynasty
(about 2100-1600 BCE) has been used for several thousand years and is still in common
use today………the spring festival this holiday falls on the first day of the
first lunar month it is most important festival in China………" Practical
Chinese Elementary Course-I, 1996, page- 294
[14]
Sixty Years of Dynamic Partnership, 2015, see Page 236
[15] The
term Gya refers to China in the Tamangs language. It is used for Gya-nag
'China', Gya-nag-chi 'Chinese elemental astronomy and astrology'
used as Gya-chi. In the Tamangs language, Gya-mi refers
to 'Chinese peoples' and Gya-mi-lama to 'Chinese Lama/Master' or
priest.
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